第七節
中國文學作品道家意境美的再現
道家美學認為道是控制世界萬物的基本規律,是宇宙生命的終極本體,它能使陰陽相諧、五行相調。道無處不在,無時不在,不可言傳,只能意會、參悟和體認。人要體道就要順其自然,與自然保持和諧,保存自我天性。人只有返璞歸真,回歸自然,融入自然,才能達到天人合一、隨心所欲的境界。道家美學追求自然樸素、含蓄簡約的風格,言有盡而意無窮,強調作品自然天成,富于情趣,不事雕琢,樸素平實,表現物我化一的審美境界。宋朝詩人蘇軾一生胸懷報國之志,但他仕途不順,屢遭朝廷排擠和流放。他被貶到黃州,一日途中遇雨,觸景生情,寫了一首《定風波》,對人生有感而發。下面是原詞和許淵沖的譯文:
莫聽穿林打葉聲,何妨吟嘯且徐行。竹杖芒鞋輕勝馬,誰怕!一蓑煙雨任平生。
料峭春風吹酒醒,微冷。山頭斜照卻相迎?;厥紫騺硎捝?,歸去!也無風雨也無晴。
Listen not to the rain beating against the trees.
Why don't you slowly walk and chant at ease?
Better than saddled horse I like sandals and cane.
O,I would fain
Spend a straw-cloaked life in mist and rain.
Drunken,I'm sobered by vernal wind shrill.
And rather chill.
In front I see the slanting sun atop the hill;
Turning my head,I see the dreary beaten track.
Let me go back!
Impervious to wind,rain or shine,I'll have my will.
原詞上闋寫詩人遇雨卻不躲雨,而是在細雨中逍遙前行,自得其樂。詩人坦然面對人生的坎坷。下闋寫詩人面對人生的失意達觀開朗,縱浪大化,回歸自然。許譯上闋,Listen not to the rain beating against the trees/Why don't you slowly walk and chant at ease?保留了原詞的祈使句和反問句式,語氣強烈,chant at ease再現了詩人逍遙自在的風度。O,I would fain/Spend a straw-cloaked life in mist and rain采用祈使句式,表達了詩人對回歸自然、逍遙林泉的隱士生活的強烈渴望。下闋,Drunken,I'm sobered by vernal wind shrill/And rather chill中shrill、chill押韻,表現春寒料峭,富于音美和意美。祈使句Let me go back!語氣強烈,傳達了詩人歸隱林泉的堅定決心,Impervious to wind,rain or shine表現了詩人對人生的沉浮坎坷處之泰然,I'll have my will傳達了詩人縱情山水、隨心所欲的人生態度。
司空圖的《二十四詩品》是一部重要的詩化文學批評著作,它以高度意象化、情趣化、意境化的語言闡釋了二十四種文學風格和審美意境,富于藝術哲理內涵?!抖脑娖贰肥艿兰颐缹W的影響,以詩趣表現理趣,富于詩情畫意。司空圖深受老、莊影響,強調不著一字,盡得風流,以詩心表現道心,追求象外之象、味外之旨、韻外之致、大音希聲,其美學觀包含了深刻的道家宇宙生命意識和審美情趣(真、素、淡)?!抖脑娖贰芬悦噪x恍惚的意象化的語言闡釋了形神、言意、虛實、動靜、有無、情景、剛柔等一系列重要美學范疇,表現情景交融、境象渾然的詩境,揭示了言→象→意→境的內在聯系?!抖脑娖贰芳缺憩F作品的風格和意境,更隱含了作家主體的理想人格和道德修養境界。翻譯《二十四詩品》應遵循以詩譯詩的原則,既要再現原作的詩體風格,更要傳達原作的詩味、詩意、詩趣、詩理、詩境,再現原作主體化、意境化、意象化的特色,準確傳達原作所蘊含的美學觀和宇宙生命意識。下面是《雄渾》和兩種譯文:
大用外腓,真體內充,返虛入渾,積健為雄。具備萬物,橫絕太空,
荒荒油云,寥寥長風。超以象外,得其環中,持之匪強,來之無窮。
Functionally versatile in application;
Substantially erudite by cultivation.
Through Nothingness to Wholeness;
With vim to build up forcefulness.
Galaxies of the brilliant and permanent;
Present forever across the firmament.
Massive clouds gathering momentum;
Strong winds carrying all before them.
Something divine beyond the image,
From the void emerges a message:
The attainment not forced,
Nor,once there,exhausted.
(謝耀文譯)
The greatest functioning extends outward;
The genuine form is inwardly full.
Revering to the empty brings one into the undifferentiated;
Accumulating sturdiness produces the potent.
It contains the full complement of all things;
Stretching all the way across the void:
Pale and billowing rain clouds;
Long winds in the empty vastness.
It passes over beyond the images
Attains the center of the ring.
Maintaining it is not forcing;
Bringing it never ends.
(宇文所安譯)
道家美學追求天人合一、縱浪大化,強調與自然和諧,《二十四詩品》與一年二十四節氣相對應,表現大自然的陽剛陰柔之美。《雄渾》為二十四詩品之首,文論家楊庭芝說:“首以《雄渾》起,統冒諸品,是無極而太極也?!薄按笥猛怆琛被谩兑住废特粤?;“咸其腓”,意為伸縮、變化,“返虛入渾”源自《莊子》“唯道集虛”?!缎蹨啞繁憩F了一種壯美,司空圖認為審美主體養渾然之氣,以達內心之充實,方能體察變化無窮之萬物。總體而言,謝譯重味、神、境、虛,宇文譯重意、形、象、實。謝譯Functionally versatile in application強調客體之無窮功用,Substantially erudite by cultivation強調主體之內在修養,兩句形成對偶,揭示主客體之關系。宇文譯The greatest functioning extends outward/The genuine form is inwardly full為直譯,原文“真體”指主體,而form指客體。原文“超以象外,得其環中,持之匪強,來之無窮”化用《莊子》“彼是莫得其偶,謂之道樞;樞始得其環中,以應無窮”,謝譯Something divine beyond the image/From the void emerges a message采用意譯,message后用冒號,與后兩句The attainment not forced/Nor,once there,exhausted緊密相連,主體內養深厚(erudite),才能洞察客體之萬用(versatile),“超然于物象之外,則即如處空虛之圓環中,可應無窮之變化”(nor…exhausted)。謝譯用message得原文之味,宇文譯It passes over beyond the images/Attains the center of the ring留原文之意。
素處以默,妙機其微,飲之太和,獨鶴與飛,猶之惠風,苒苒在衣。
閱音修篁,美曰載歸。遇之匪深,即之愈稀,脫有形似,握手已違。(《沖淡》)
Plain living in serenity,
With beatific vision's gleam.
Over a great harmony drinking deep,
Then to fly with a crane in a dream.
As with clothes flapping,
In a wind gently patting,
One listens to tunes played by bamboos slim,
To bring home the beauty a bliss to him.
Fathomable on chance meeting,
Elusive for purposeful seeking;
No sooner does one see her outer grace,
Than she slips away without a trace.
(謝譯)
Reside in plainness and quiet:
How faint,the subtle impulses
Infusing with great harmony,
Join the solitary crane in flight:
Like that balmy breeze of spring,
Plainly changing in one's robes.
Consider the tones in fine bamboo -
Lovely indeed,return with them.
One encounters this not hidden deeply away;
Approach it and grows more elusive.
If there is some resemblance in shape,
The grasping hand has already missed it.
(宇文譯)
《二十四詩品》中《沖淡》和《自然》集中體現了道家美學思想。老子《道德經》說“道之出口,淡乎其無味”;《莊子》說“淡然無極而眾美從之”;陳良運在《中國詩學批評史》中認為沖淡是天地之大美。原文“素處以默”化用老子“見素抱樸,少私寡欲”,原文“飲之太和,獨鶴與飛”描寫了主體的一種朦朧飄忽的靈感體驗:主體清靜寡欲,心無雜念,才能思接千載,視通萬里,才能神思方遠,萬涂竟萌,思緒飛揚之間“獨鶴與飛”。這種虛幻的靈感體驗可神遇而不可力求,故“遇之匪深,即之愈稀,脫有形似,握手已違”。謝譯beatific vision's gleam和in a dream傳達了主體的幻覺體驗,Fathomable on chance meeting與Elusive for purposeful seeking形成對比,表現靈感體驗的可遇而不可求,與No sooner does one see her outer grace/Than she slips away without a trace相互聯貫,表現了主體靈感體驗的稍縱即逝。宇文譯Join the solitary crane in flight將原文的虛境化為了實境。
玉壺買春,賞雨茅屋,坐中佳士,左右修竹。白云初晴,幽鳥相逐。
眠琴綠蔭,上有飛瀑。落花無言,人淡如菊,書之歲華,其曰可讀。(《典雅》)
In a pot are held both wine and Spring.
To the cot poetic transport rains bring.
A gathering of scholars true,
Their miens set off by bamboo.
Clouds white in the clear sky,
Frolic and free birds fly.
The zither rests in the cool shade.
From above hangs a roaring cascade.
Petals falling in a silent way,
Men like chrysanthemums not so gay.
Recording life's prime,
One's poetry is sublime.
(謝譯)
With a jade pot he purchases spring[wine],
Appreciates rain under a roof of thatch.
Fine scholars are his guests,
All round him,fine bamboo.
White clouds in nearly cleared skies,
Birds from hidden places follow one another.
A reclining lute in the green shade,
And above is a waterfall in flight.
The following flowers say nothing,
The man,as limpid as the chrysanthemum.
He writes down the season's splendors -
May it be,he hopes,worth reading.
(宇文譯)
《典雅》展現了道家人淡如菊的人格理想,與《雄渾》的陽剛美相對比,淡表現了陰柔美。《莊子》說“游心于淡”,“平易恬淡”。吳健民在《中國古代詩學原理》中認為“無欲無求、輕淡名利、自適自足、淡泊清遠的生命態度和人生理想”是平淡風格的內核。原詩以“玉壺”、“茅屋”、“修竹”、“白云”、“幽鳥”、“眠琴”、“綠蔭”、“飛瀑”、“落花”等意象來襯托主體之神(“人淡如菊”),淡泊的人生是詩化的人生,“書之歲華,其曰可讀”比喻人生境界的升華。譯者應再現原詩所表現的人生之詩境。劉華文在《漢詩英譯的主體審美論》中認為詩歌表現一種詩意的存在,譯者要抬升原文的這種詩意,這是“翻譯主體參與其中的存在性理解過程”,主體性意識和存在是“提升譯文詩性價值的強大力量”。在翻譯審美感應中,“我”本關系追求離形得似,即譯者“通過對原文的解讀獲得了隱含在原文文字符號下面的‘神’”,在譯文中“注入自己的理解、感悟、體驗和認識”,以自己解讀出來的“神”去“化譯原文”。在翻譯審美感應中,“他”本關系,強調形合神通,即譯文保留原詩的“形象、意象和意境”,“使原有的‘形’繼續在譯詩中傳達‘象外之旨’和‘言外之意’”。謝譯To the cot poetic transport rains bring中加入poetic transport,體現了譯者的創造力,與Recording life's prime/One's poetry is sublime相聯貫,再現了原文所表現的人生的詩意境界。中國古詩強調文脈,謝譯從poetic transport到(sublime)poetry再現了原文的內在文脈,表現了翻譯審美感應的“我”本關系。比較而言,宇文譯The following flowers say nothing/The man,as limpid as the chrysanthemum/He writes down the season's splendors-/May it be,he hopes,worth reading.體現了翻譯審美感應的“他”本關系。
綠杉野屋,落日氣清,脫巾獨步,時聞鳥聲。鴻雁不來,之子遠行。
所思不遠,若為平生。海風碧云,夜渚月明,如有佳語,大河前橫。
(《沉著》)
A hut in the wood green.
Sun setting,an aura serene.
In casual dress for a walk alone.
Bird's song steeped in twilight's tone.
The bosom friend in strange land will stay.
No tidings by wild geese,to one's dismay.
Yet the image always seems not far away,
And as intimate as in the good old day.
Clouds set in commotion by a sea gale.
The creek lies still in moonlight pale.
Suddenly a river looms large across,
The moment some poetic insight crops.
(謝譯)
A rude dwelling in green forests
As the sun sets,the air is clear.
He takes off his headband,walks alone,
At times hearing voices of birds.
The wild geese do not come,
And the person travels far away.
But the one longed for is not far -
It is as it always was.
A breeze from the sea,emerald clouds,
Moonlight brightens the isles by night.
If there are fine words,
The great river stretches out before him.
(宇文譯)
《二十四詩品》通過大量的自然意象展現了一幅幅多姿多彩的畫面,意象與情趣相融,詩意、詩趣、詩理、詩味、詩境渾然化一,表現了或迷離縹緲或淡遠清致的意境?!冻林访枥L了一幅天高氣爽、風清月淡的景象,表現了淡遠清雅的道家審美情趣。詩歌應淡而有味,淡中有理。胡曉明在《中國詩學之精神》中認為《二十四詩品》表現了一種內心生活、內在人格之追求,呈現了“默契的欣悅與陶然適意”,展示大自然之“粲然機趣”。劉華文在《漢詩英譯的主體審美論》中認為漢詩語言富于意象性,善于表現天人合一的境界,這種境界構成中國詩學的元隱喻。譯者應通過審美介入傳達詩人的“原欲”,即“通過為本體(原文)尋找介體(譯文)實現表征為原文和譯文之間同一的‘我’與‘他’(原文或原文作者)的融通合一”。原作前四行“綠杉野屋,落日氣清,脫巾獨步,時聞鳥聲”暗含了詩人與大自然的默契欣悅,這是寫喜?!傍櫻悴粊?,之子遠行”,表現詩人思念遠方的友人,卻無鴻雁傳書,內心惆悵,這是寫憂。中國古人云:“海內存自己,天涯若比鄰?!彼栽娙苏f“所思不遠,若為平生”。末尾四行“海風碧云,夜渚月明,如有佳語,大河前橫”,詩人把對友人的思念化入這美景中,內心回歸平靜。謝譯Sun setting,an aura serene和Bird's song steeped in twilight's tone再現了大自然的安寧靜謐,表現了“鳥鳴山更幽”的意境,No tidings by wild geese,to one's dismay中加入to one's dismay表達了詩人內心的悵惘,the image(as intimate as in the good old day)表現了詩人與大自然的親切,The moment some poetic insight crops傳達了詩人在與大自然的心靈感應中所獲得的一種精神頓悟,譯文在詩意上得到了升華,達到了與原作的融通合一。宇文譯基本采用直譯,在詩味上遜于謝譯。
俯拾即是,不取諸鄰,俱道適往,著手成春。如逢花開,如瞻歲新。
真予不奪,強得易貧。幽人空山,過雨采萍,薄言情晤,悠悠天鈞。
(《自然》)
Let it ever come handy.
Not to copy and bandy.
The Law guides you on the road,
You will capture it at Intuition's goad.
Flower to bloom and Season to succeed,
All follow a course as nature decreed.
Truth's gift is a lasting treasure,
Forced gains useless in any measure.
Like a hermit in a vale,
Culling some plants after rain,
In the lap of Nature hale,
Imagination always reaps fresh gain.
(謝譯)
It's what you can bend down and pick up -
It's not to be taken from any of your neighbors.
Go off,together with the Way,
And with a touch of the hand,springtime forms.
It is as if coming upon the flowers blossoming,
As if looking upon the renewal of the year.
One does not take by force what the genuine provides,
What is attained willfully easily becomes bankrupt.
A recluse in the deserted mountains
Stops by a stream and picks water plants,
As it may,his heart will be enlightened -
The Potter's Wheel of heaven goes on and on forever.
(宇文譯)
道家美學的核心思想是道,其內涵極其豐富。蔡鎮楚在《中國古代文學批評史》中認為道是“原始物質”、“永恒運動的規律”。在《二十四詩品》中“道”多次出現,如“俱道適往,著手成春”(《自然》)、“道不自器,與之圓方”(《委曲》)、“忽逢幽人,如見道心”(《實境》)、“大道日往,若為雄才”(《悲慨》)、“俱似大道,妙契同塵”(《形容》)、“少有道契,終與俗違”(《超詣》)。這些“道”構成互文關系,既有內在聯系,又有不同語境下的具體含義?!白匀弧笔堑兰业膶徝览硐?。老子說“無為而不為”,追求自然就是要見素抱樸,返璞歸真。莊子認為自然美就是天地之美?;貧w自然就是要體道,“俱道適往,著手成春”。胡曉明在《中國詩學之精神》中認為體道是中國詩人“極微至之一種詩情,是對生命與自然源泉之體認,憑藝術之洗練而獲美之律動”,道、詩美和人格融為一體。自然就是真,“真予不奪,強得易貧”。蔡鎮楚在《中國古代文學批評史》中認為道家之真包括性真(人性之真)、情真(人情之真)、主體表現方式之真(樸素)。主體有內真之心,才能把握生生不息之天道,故“薄言情晤,悠悠天鈞”?!肚f子》說“是以圣人和之以是非,而休乎天鈞”,意為天道運轉不息;《流動》里也說“荒荒坤軸,悠悠天樞”。
謝譯Let it ever come handy/Not to copy and bandy/The Law guides you on the road/You will capture it at Intuition's goad中it為虛指,意為主體體道過程中的一種生命體驗和直覺感悟?!暗馈弊g為the Law,指宇宙生命之基本規律,而不是一味譯為the Way。許淵沖在《道德經》英譯本譯者序中認為“道”指“天道”、“道理”、“真理”、“自然規律”,故“道可道,非常道”可譯為The divine law may be spoken of/but it is not the common law。謝譯Intuition表達主體的直覺體驗,與下文的imagination相聯貫。All follow a course as nature decreed和In the lap of Nature hale中兩個nature相互照應,強調了順應自然的核心思想。Truth's gift is a lasting treasure中lasting與Imagination always reaps fresh gain中的fresh傳達了大自然生生不息的哲理內涵。比較而言,宇文譯拘泥于原文,詩趣、詩味略顯不足。
二十四詩品貫穿了“體道、貴真、自然、淡遠”的道家美學思想,由此相互鉤聯成一個整體。謝譯比較忠實地傳達了原文各詩品之間的內在聯系,對“道”、“氣”等核心詞語的翻譯做到既統一又靈活。如“道”的翻譯,宇文譯均為the Way,謝譯則比較靈活:“俱道適往,著手成春”(The Law guides you on the road/You will capture it at Intuition's goad);“由道返氣,處得以狂”(Following the way to Vitality bound/With gusto and abandon does he fare);“道不自器,與之圓方”(So,not a straight course would Muses follow/Nor square-peg-round-hole to invite sorrow);“忽逢幽人,如見道心”(It seems suddenly on a chance meet/A sage tells you where the Way leads);“大道日往,若為雄才”(The way dimming,the moral sinking/If only a man of great thinking?。?;“俱似大道,妙契同塵”(All to the Great Way submit/Just feel at one with it);“少有道契,終與俗違”(Not in mystery steeped deep/Nor to beaten track to keep)。如“氣”的翻譯,宇文譯為qi或weather,謝譯則變化更多:“行神如空,行氣如虹”(O!The moving spirit knows no bound/Rainbow-like the Vital Breath is found);“由道返氣,處得以狂”(Following the Way to Vitality bound/With gusto and abandon does he fare);“生氣遠出,不著死灰”(Beauty will shine far and vivid/Distance can't make it insipid);“如月之曙,如氣之秋”(As the crescent gives off her virgin rays/And Autumn's first breath marks a new phase)。
《二十四詩品》采用四言韻體形式,大量采用對偶句式,富于音美和形美。其詩化的語言蘊含了深遠悠長的詩味、詩意、詩趣、詩理、詩境。譯者要傳達原作的詩味、詩意、詩趣、詩理、詩境,不能忽視原作的詩體風格。比較而言,謝譯采用韻體和對偶、排比句式,富于對稱美和平衡美,宇文譯為無韻體,沒有保留原詩對偶句式,在音美和形美上遜于謝譯。就句式特點而言,漢語(尤其是古漢語)不重句子成分的完備,而重內在意義的完整。中國古詩往往省略主語或謂語,簡潔凝練,能傳達一種普遍的、不受時空限制的精神體驗和藝術哲理,譯者應力求再現中國古詩的這一風格特點。
以《雄渾》英譯為例,謝譯前八行每兩行押韻,后四行隔行押韻,Functionally versatile in application和Substantially erudite by cultivation,Massive clouds gathering momentum和Strong winds carrying all before them形成對仗結構,在音美和形美上勝于宇文譯。在句式上,原詩共十二行,謝譯僅From the void emerges a message為完整句,其余均省略主語或謂語,正如譯者在《中國詩歌與詩學比較研究》中所談道:I have tried to convey Sikong Tu's original terse style of“image beyond image”,truncating as many link verbs and finites as possible。比較而言,宇文譯體現了英語繁復精確的特點,除Stretching all the way across the void,Pale and billowing rain clouds和Long winds in the empty vastness外,其余均為主謂句,分別使用動詞extends、is、brings,produces、contains、passes、attains、is、ends。又如《縝密》前四行“是有真跡,如不可知,意象欲生,造化已奇”,宇文譯This does possess genuine traces/but it is as though they cannot be known/As the conceptimage is about emerge/The process of creation is already wondrous采用并列句和復合句,謝譯Seemingly untraceable the trace/Of the traceable divine grace/Though the imagery not yet borne out/The marvel of creation already beyond doubt采用省略句式,同源詞untraceable,trace,traceable的使用很巧妙,傳達了原詩意境的飄忽朦朧之美。
毛榮貴在《翻譯美學》中認為“譯途充滿審美愉悅”,這種審美愉悅要“上升到一個全新的境界,在靈感閃爍、文思洶涌的情勢下,佳譯迭出,譯出‘神似’,達到‘化境’,步入審美的理想境界,不能沒有靈感思維”。謝譯以意譯為主,再現和傳達了原文的詩體風格和藝術哲理內涵,富于詩味、詩意、詩趣、詩理、詩境;宇文譯以直譯為主,詩味稍顯不足,這與譯者的翻譯指導思想有關,譯者在《中國文論:英譯與評論》的《導言》中說:“多數情況下,我寧取表面笨拙的譯文,以便能讓英文讀者看出一點中文原文的模樣。這種相對直譯的譯文自然僵硬有余,文雅不足;但是,對于思想文本,尤其是來自中國的思想文本,翻譯的優雅往往表明它對譯文讀者的概念習慣做了大幅度讓步”,“在中文里原本深刻和精確的觀點,一經譯成英文,就成了支離破碎的泛泛之談。唯一的補救之策就是注釋,如果不附加解說文字,那些譯文簡直不具備存在的理由。”應該指出的是,《中國文論:英譯與評論》所譯作品包括詩體的《二十四詩品》和散文體的《文心雕龍》(劉勰)、《文賦》(陸機)、《滄浪詩話》(嚴羽)等,宇文譯均采用直譯加注法,筆者認為這種譯法更適合于散文體作品,而對《二十四詩品》這種高度詩化的批評作品則存在一定不足。
上一篇:中國文學作品儒家意境美的再現
下一篇:中國文學的佛家之意境