第六節

中國文學作品儒家意境美的再現

儒家文化強調人要遵從社會的道德準則和行為規范，提倡奮斗不息的進取精神。在儒家美學意境中作家俯仰宇宙，感悟人生，面對宏偉雄渾的大自然，內心激發起一種奮發向上、拼搏進取的壯志豪情和建功立業的遠大志向，傳達了一種宇宙的蒼茫感、生命的滄桑感、深沉的歷史憂患感。儒家的意境美是崇高美。下面是宋朝詩人蘇軾的《念奴嬌·赤壁懷古》和許淵沖的譯文：

大江東去，浪淘盡，千古風流人物。故壘西邊，人道是，三國周郎赤壁。亂石穿空，驚濤拍岸，卷起千堆雪。江山如畫，一時多少豪杰！

遙想公瑾當年，小喬初嫁了，雄姿英發。羽扇綸巾，談笑間，檣櫓灰飛煙滅。故國神游，多情應笑我，早生華發。人生如夢，一尊還酹江月。

The endless river eastward flows；

With its huge waves are gone all those

Gallant heroes of bygone years．

West of the ancient fortress appears

Red Cliff where General Zhou won his early fame

When the Three Kingdoms were in flame．

Jagged rocks tower in the air

And swashing waves beat on the shore，

Rolling up a thousand heaps of snow．

To match the hills and the river so fair，

How many heroes brave of yore

Made a great show！

I fancy General Zhou at the height

Of his success，with a plume fan in hand，

In a silk hood，so brave and bright，

Laughing and jesting with his bride so fair，

While enemy ships were destroyed as planned

Like castles in the air．

Should their souls revisit this land，

Sentimental，his bride would laugh to say：

Younger than they，I have my hair turned grey．

Life is but like a passing dream．

O Moon，I drink to you who saw them on the stream．

公元1082年蘇軾被貶謫到湖北黃州，《赤壁懷古》是他在游歷黃州城外的赤壁磯時憑吊懷古所寫下的一首詞家絕唱。詩人面對浩浩長江滾滾東去，心潮澎湃，思緒萬千，不禁想起了周瑜、諸葛亮、曹操、孫權等三國時期的英雄人物。當年他們曾在這里展開驚心動魄的“赤壁大戰”，可以想象其場面是何等壯烈。他們叱咤風云，指點江山，何等英勇威武，令詩人敬仰。然而大浪淘沙，歲月無情，這些昔日的豪杰都隨著滾滾東逝的長江水一去不復返了。詩人撫今追昔，感慨萬千，自己胸懷大志，滿腹經綸，卻報國無門，壯志難酬。詩人描繪了赤壁磯邊長江驚濤駭浪的壯觀景象，聯想到了當年“赤壁大戰”中金戈鐵馬、硝煙彌漫的激戰場面，作品氣勢磅礴，震撼人心。詩人壯懷激烈，慷慨悲歌。

原詞上闋描寫長江洶涌澎湃，奔流向東，長江兩岸怪石嶙峋，高聳入云，描繪了長江驚濤駭浪、雷霆萬鈞的雄偉氣勢。許譯The endless river eastward flows/With its huge waves are gone all those，用endless、huge再現了長江浩浩蕩蕩、滾滾東流的雄壯場面，Jagged rocks tower in the air中jagged的意思是with rough，uneven，often sharp，edges（Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Contemporary English），許譯用jagged、tower忠實地再現了長江兩岸危石林立、直插云霄的景象。And swashing waves beat on the shore/Rolling up a thousand heaps of snow中swashing意思是violent splash of water，這樣swashing waves與上文的huge waves相呼應，加上rolling up，生動地再現了長江巨浪滔天的壯觀景象和排山倒海的雄偉氣勢。原詞“千古風流人物”中的“風流”是指有功績而又有文采，許譯Gallant heroes of bygone years中gallant的意思是brave，fine，grand，stately（Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Contemporary English），這樣gallant heroes與How many heroes brave of yore中的heroes brave相呼應，再現了周瑜等歷史上的風流人物指點江山、建功立業的威武形象。made a great show與the hills and the river so fair在意義上緊密相連，在詩人看來，周瑜等歷史人物馳騁疆場、指點乾坤是一幅與“亂石穿空，驚濤拍岸，卷起千堆雪”同樣壯觀的畫面。

原詞下闋，詩人想象當年周瑜在“赤壁大戰”中運籌帷幄、指揮若定的瀟灑英姿。許譯I fancy General Zhou at the height/Of his success中的at the height of his success與上闋Red Cliff where General Zhou won his early fame中的won his early fame相連貫，傳達了詩人對周瑜年輕有為、功績卓著的欽佩之情。enemy ships were destroyed as planned/Like castles in the air與上闋的the Three Kingdoms were in flame相呼應，再現了原詞所描繪的金戈鐵馬、硝煙彌漫的激戰場面。In a silk hood，so brave and bright中brave、bright形成頭韻，爆發音[b]鏗鏘有力，富于氣勢。許譯深刻地把握了原作的思想情感內涵，忠實準確地再現了原詩慷慨激昂、蕩氣回腸的豪放派藝術風格。下面是宋朝詩人辛棄疾的《破陣子》和許淵沖的譯文：

醉里挑燈看劍，夢回吹角連營。八百里分麾下炙，五十弦翻塞外聲。沙場秋點兵。

馬作的盧飛快，弓如霹靂弦驚。了卻君王天下事，贏得生前身后名。可憐白發生！

Though drunk，we lit the lamp to see the glaive；

Sober，we heard the horns from tents to tents．

Under the flags，beef grilled

Was eaten by our warriors brave

And martial airs were played by fifty instruments：

'Twas an autumn manoeuvre in the field．

On gallant steed，

Running full speed，

We'd shoot with twanging bows．

Recovering the lost land for the sovereign，

'Tis everlasting fame we would win．

But alas！White hair grows！

詩人辛棄疾生活的時代北宋已亡，南宋統治者茍安江南，縱情聲色，不思北上收復中原。詩人滿腔報國之志，卻不受重用，原作表達了詩人內心的郁悶和痛苦。葛曉音在《唐詩宋詞十五講》中評論道，詩人“以飛快的節奏當年率領部下宿營練兵、躍馬橫戈的戰斗生活寫得龍騰虎躍，氣勢如霹靂閃電。然而這一切都已成為醉夢中的回憶。了卻恢復大業、名垂青史的幻想被年華老大、不受知遇的現實無情地粉碎了”。許譯上闋，Though drunk，we lit the lamp to see the glaive中glaive指寶劍。辛詞《水龍吟》中感嘆：“把吳鉤看了/欄桿拍遍/無人會/登臨意”，“吳鉤”指的就是寶劍，與“醉里挑燈看劍”同樣表現了詩人對自己英雄無用武之地的遺憾和感嘆。Sober，we heard the horns from tents to tents中from tents to tents用疊詞再現了當年軍營號角連天的激動人心的場面。Was eaten by our warriors brave/And martial airs were played by fifty instruments中brave表現了士兵的勇敢，martial airs表現了軍樂的嘹亮。下闋On gallant steed再現了士兵們騎著駿馬馳騁沙場的颯爽英姿，'Tis everlasting fame we would win中everlasting fame傳達了詩人對收復失地、建功立業的強烈愿望。But alas！White hair grows！保留了原詩的感嘆句式，語氣強烈，傳達了詩人對蹉跎歲月、大業未成的深深遺憾。