第三節(jié)
原作意象通感美的再現(xiàn)
文學(xué)作品的意象美往往表現(xiàn)為通感美,即視覺美、聽覺美等相互融合,帶給讀者一種新的審美體驗(yàn)。譯者要充分發(fā)揮譯語的表達(dá)力,力求再現(xiàn)原作意象的通感美,使譯文栩栩如生,富于詩情畫意。《紅樓夢》第十八回描寫皇妃元春歸省巡游大觀園,寶玉、黛玉等人題詩助興。寶玉賦詩三首——《有鳳來儀》、《蘅芷清芬》和《春夜即事》,描繪了大觀園幽靜清涼的環(huán)境和優(yōu)美迷人的景色,作品充分運(yùn)用了通感手法,原詩和譯文如下:
秀玉初成實(shí),堪宜待鳳凰。竿竿清欲滴,個(gè)個(gè)綠生涼。
迸砌妨階水,穿簾礙鼎香。莫搖清碎影,好夢晝初長。
《有鳳來儀》
The fruit fresh formed on jade stalks rare
Makes for the phoenix fitting fare;
So green each stem they seem to drip
With coolness seeping from each verdant tip.
Bursting through stones,they change the water's track;
Piercing through screens,hold tripod's incense back;
Let none disturb these chequered shades,
That sweetly she may dream till daylight fades.
(楊憲益譯)
Perfected now at last,this place is fit
For Bird of Paradise to enter it.
Each graceful wand lets fall a dewy tear;
Each glossy leaf breathes coolness on the air.
Through narrowparted blocks the pent stream leaps;
Through chinks of blind the incense thinly seeps.
Let none the checkered shade with violence rude
Disrupting,on the slumberer's dreams intrude.
(霍克斯譯)
原詩首聯(lián)意思是新鮮的竹實(shí)正好是鳳凰的美食,霍譯Perfected now at last,this place is fit/For Bird of Paradise to enter it對原文理解有誤,楊譯The fruit fresh formed on jade stalks rare/Makes for the phoenix fitting fare準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)了原文的含義,fruit、fresh、formed、fitting、fare形成頭韻,富于音美。原詩第二聯(lián)運(yùn)用通感手法描寫秀竹的翠綠帶給人的心理感受,“竿竿清欲滴”描寫了綠竹的鮮艷色彩和昂然生機(jī),“個(gè)個(gè)綠生涼”描繪了大觀園中竹林茂密、綠蔭濃濃的清涼怡人的環(huán)境,與《有鳳來儀對聯(lián)》中“寶鼎茶閑煙尚綠,幽窗棋罷指猶涼”有異曲同工之妙。楊譯So green each stem they seem to drip/With coolness seeping from each verdant tip用seem to drip準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)了這種心理感受,green stem、verdant tip和首聯(lián)中的jade stalks描繪了秀竹的形狀和色彩,富于視覺美。drip、seeping、tip形成諧韻[i],與“滴”的韻母讀音相近,具有音美。霍譯Each graceful wand lets fall a dewy tear/Each glossy leaf breathes coolness on the air.用lets fall把“欲滴”帶給人的心理感受變成了實(shí)際發(fā)生的事情。
原詩第三聯(lián)意思是長在臺(tái)階上的竹根防止了水珠滴在石階上四處濺射,門前的竹枝擋住了鼎香向簾外飄散,間接含蓄地描寫了水珠輕滴的聲音和從鼎爐飄出的幽幽香氣,使讀者如聽其聲,如聞其香。原詩含蓄地描繪了秀竹的茂密繁盛。馮其庸《紅樓夢》校注本再版序解釋為“竹子長得茂密,既擋住了階下泉水不使濺上階沿,又留住了鼎爐香煙不使穿簾散去”?;糇gThrough narrowparted blocks the pent stream leaps/Through chinks of blind the incense thinly seeps.用動(dòng)詞leaps、seeps比楊譯Bursting through stones,they change the water's track/Piercing through screens,hold tripod's incense back中的change、hold back更具有動(dòng)態(tài)美。原詩第四聯(lián)意思是請微風(fēng)不要搖散竹影,甜蜜的美夢還剛剛開頭,楊譯Let none disturb these chequered shades,/That sweetly she may dream till daylight fades用sweetly準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)了原詩浪漫溫馨的氛圍,霍譯Let none the checkered shade with violence rude/Disrupting,on the slumberer's dreams intrude!中的violence rude、disrupting、intrude與原詩寧靜安詳?shù)臍夥詹幌辔呛稀?/p>
蘅蕪滿靜苑,蘿薜助芬芳。軟襯三春草,柔拖一縷香。
輕煙迷曲徑,冷翠滴回廊。誰謂“池塘”曲,謝家幽夢長。
(《蘅芷清芬》)
Alpinia fills the courtyard free from dust,
By climbing fig its fragrance reinforced;
Softly they heighten the fresh green of spring
Gently they trail their perfume,ring on ring.
A light mist hides the winding path from view,
From covered walks drips chill and verdant dew.
But who will celebrate the pool in song?
Lost in a dream,at peace,the poet sleeps long.
(楊憲益譯)
Fragrance of flowerdrifts in these quiet confines
Mingles with headier scents of eglantines,
And summer's herbs in a soft,spicy bed
Their aromatic perfumes subtly spread.
Light mist half screens the winding walks from view,
Where chilly verdure soaks the clothes with dew.
Here,slumbering quiet at the fountain's side,
The dreaming poet all day long may bide.
(霍克斯譯)
原詩描寫了大觀園里蘅芷、蘿薜等香草的色彩和芬芳。首聯(lián),于舟先生解釋為“蘅蕪香草長滿了寧靜的亭苑,女蘿、薜荔牽藤引蔓,纏繞其間,仿佛更增加了它們的芬芳”。楊譯Alpinia fills the courtyard free from dust/By climbing fig its fragrance reinforced中fills、reinforced不夠形象,霍譯Fragrance of flowerdrifts in these quiet confines/Mingles with headier scents of eglantines把fragrance of flower放在句首,用drifts、mingles準(zhǔn)確地再現(xiàn)了原詩所描繪的花木的芳香四溢。原詩第二聯(lián)描寫柔軟的藤蔓像繚繞的輕煙曲折延伸,“滿”、“助”、“襯”、“拖”、“迷”、“濕”生動(dòng)地描繪了大觀園花草繁盛、芳香悠長的醉人景象和優(yōu)美環(huán)境。楊譯Softly they heighten the fresh green of spring中heighten比較抽象,霍譯summer's herbs in a soft,spicy bed用soft、spicy bed描繪了花草的柔軟、芬芳和茂盛,再現(xiàn)了原詩意象的觸覺美和嗅覺美。楊譯Gently they trail their perfume,ring on ring用trail…ring on ring準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)了“柔拖一縷香”的含義,ring on ring與green of spring構(gòu)成諧韻?;糇gTheir aromatic perfumes subtly spread中subtly、spread與第三行的summer、soft、spicy形成頭韻,富于音美。
原詩第三聯(lián)中“輕煙迷曲徑”描寫大觀園里藤蔓纏繞延伸,似輕煙繚繞,林中小徑蜿蜒,掩映其間,霍譯Light mist half screens the winding walks from view中half screens比楊譯A light mist hides the winding path from view的hides更生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)了林中曲徑在藤蔓的掩映下若隱若現(xiàn)的畫面。“冷翠濕衣裳”描寫冰涼的露水帶給人的寒意,霍譯Where chilly verdure soaks the clothes with dew比楊譯From covered walks drips chill and verdant dew更貼近原文的含義。原詩第四聯(lián)隱含了南北朝詩人謝靈運(yùn)夢中得佳句“池塘生春草”的典故,蔡義江《紅樓夢詩詞曲賦評注》解釋道:“誰說只有寫過‘池塘生春草’名句的謝靈運(yùn)才有觸發(fā)詩興的好夢呢?”霍譯Here,slumbering quiet at the fountain's side/The dreaming poet all day long may bide和楊譯But who will celebrate the pool in song?/Lost in a dream,at peace,the poet sleeps long都沒有完全準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)出原詩的含義。
霞綃云幄任鋪陳,隔巷蟆更聽未真。
枕上輕寒窗外雨,眼前春色夢中人。
盈盈燭淚因誰泣,點(diǎn)點(diǎn)花愁為我嗔。
自是小鬟驕懶慣,擁衾不耐笑言頻。
(《春夜即事》)
The walls flaunt hangings as sunset clouds
To muffle the frogs' croaking in the lane;
The rain outside the window chills my pillow,
This vision of spring seems like the girl of my dreams.
The candle sheds slow tearsfor whom?
The blossoms fall as if reproaching me;
My maids are indolent from long indulgence;
Wearied by their laughter and prattle,I snuggle down in my quilt.
(楊憲益譯)
Behind silk hangings,in warm quilts cocooned,
His ears half doubt the frogs' first muted sound.
Rain at his window strikes,the pillow' s cold;
Yet to the sleeper's eyes spring dreams unfold.
Why does the candle shed its waxen tears?
Why on each flower do angry drops appear?
By uncouth din of giggling maids distressed
He burrows deeper in his silken nest.
(霍克斯譯)
賈寶玉《四時(shí)即事詩》描繪了大觀園里春夏秋冬四季的景色,表現(xiàn)了其貴族少爺?shù)纳钋槿?。原詩為其中的詠春篇,賈寶玉在大觀園這“溫柔富貴鄉(xiāng)”里每天“或讀書,或?qū)懽郑驈椙傧缕?,作畫吟詩,以至描鸞刺鳳,斗草簪花,低吟悄唱,拆字猜謎,無所不至,倒也十分快意”。他躺在溫暖舒適的被窩里,聽著窗外淅淅瀝瀝的春雨,沉醉于無盡的春夢之中。朱紅色的帳幔像彩云晚霞般鮮艷,讓他感到溫暖,然而春寒料峭,綿綿春雨又讓他感到一絲寒意。在《紅樓夢》中“紅”含義豐富,既喻指榮華富貴,也暗示男女之情。賈寶玉作為多情的“怡紅公子”與林黛玉等人有著剪不斷理還亂的戀情,“盈盈燭淚因誰泣,點(diǎn)點(diǎn)花愁為我嗔”細(xì)膩地刻畫了他的多情善感。原詩首聯(lián),蔡義江先生解釋為“任憑錦被鋪著,秀帳掛著,深夜中隔巷更鼓之聲已隱約可聞,但自己并無睡意”。
第一行,楊譯The walls flaunt hangings as sunset clouds用sunset clouds傳達(dá)出了“霞綃云幄”的視覺美,霍譯Behind silk hangings,in warm quilts cocooned中warm quilts與第三行中的the pillow's cold傳達(dá)出了霞綃云幄的溫暖舒適與綿綿春雨帶給人的寒意之間的對比,介詞behind、in忠實(shí)地再現(xiàn)了“任鋪陳”所表現(xiàn)的靜態(tài)畫面,cocoon作動(dòng)詞,意思是cover or wrap sth in any soft protective covering(Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Contemporary English),霍譯用cocoon的被動(dòng)語態(tài),生動(dòng)地表現(xiàn)了賈寶玉偎蜷在溫暖的被窩里的那種慵懶的形象。第二行,楊譯To muffle the frogs' croaking in the lane中croaking一詞在英語中有不祥、兇兆的含義,與原詩浪漫溫馨的氣氛不相吻合,霍譯His ears half doubt the frogs' first muted sound用half doubt、first muted sound準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)了“隔巷蟆更”帶給人的隱約可聞的感覺。
原詩第二、三聯(lián)描寫在春寒料峭的雨夜,賈寶玉觸景生情,眼前仿佛出現(xiàn)了林黛玉的形象,她嬌弱柔美,多愁善感,常常郁郁寡歡,以淚洗面,那“盈盈燭淚”就好像是她落下的淚花?!包c(diǎn)點(diǎn)花愁”好像是她在嗔怪自己,在賈寶玉眼中,林黛玉的一顰一笑、或嗔或喜都是那么迷人,讓讀者聯(lián)想到《紅樓夢》第三回對警幻仙姑的描寫(“出沒花間兮,宜嗔宜喜”),馮其庸解釋為“無論是生氣還是高興,都使人感到美?!段鲙洝返谝徽垡灿校骸乙娝肃烈讼泊猴L(fēng)面?!边@里涉及詩歌的隔與不隔,詩歌的意象美不是純粹的繪畫美或音樂美,而是意境美。意境是意象與情感相互交融所產(chǎn)生的一種藝術(shù)氛圍。意象與情趣相融才能產(chǎn)生意境,意象與情趣分離則有象無境,在原詩中“霞綃云幄”、“隔巷蟆更”、“窗外雨”、“盈盈燭淚”、“點(diǎn)點(diǎn)花愁”等意象與其所表現(xiàn)的“聽未真”、“眼前春色夢中人”、“因誰泣”、“為我嗔”等情趣融為一體,達(dá)到了意境的不隔。
楊譯The rain outside the window chills my pillow/This vision of spring seems like the girl of my dreams/The candle sheds slow tearsfor whom?/The blossoms fall as if reproaching me用第一人稱my、me和問句for whom?虛擬式as if reproaching me傳達(dá)出了賈寶玉作為多情公子的心理感受,再現(xiàn)了原詩物我一體、情景交融的藝術(shù)意境,reproaching準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)了“嗔”的情感含義。楊譯忠實(shí)地保留了原詩的擬人手法(以燭淚比人淚,以花比人),再現(xiàn)了原詩意境的不隔,霍譯Rain at his window strikes,the pillow's cold/Yet to the sleeper's eyes spring dreams unfold用第三人稱his,成了一種對客觀場景的描寫,沒有傳達(dá)出人物的內(nèi)心感受,在藝術(shù)感染力上不如楊譯。Why does the candle shed its waxen tears?/Why on each flower do angry drops appear?中waxen tears只是對物(燭淚)的描寫,angry沒有傳達(dá)出“嗔”的情感含義。霍譯沒有再現(xiàn)出原詩所表現(xiàn)的人與物、情與景的交融,把原詩意境的不隔變成了隔。
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